Conditions+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+Chinese+communist+state

=**Conditions that led to the formation of the Communist State**=

1. Corruption and incompetence under Chiang's government
-->Army, as a result, was poorly paid; dejected, a lot of them turned to the Communists for more equality and better conditions -->Nepotism and bribery were rise among the bureacracy (although Chiang was not corrupt himself); "If we do not weed the present body of corruption, bribery, perfunctoriness, and ignornace, and establish instead a clean and efficient adminstration, the day will soon come when the revolution will be started against us as we did against the Manchus"--Chiang Kai-Shek

2. Chiang's military mistakes
-->Instead of fighting against the Communists, as he originally set out to do, Chiang was forced to collaborate with them in order to defeat the Japanese

3. Massive shift of public opinion during the Japanese War
-->In 1937 Chiang was a national hero; Map was a little known "bandit"; ruling only about 2 million up in the northwestern hills --> In 1945 Chiang's army looked strong, but Mao's Red Army had expanded from 50,000 to 1 million, backed up by 2.5 peasant militia -->Furthermore, Chiang's army lost to the Japanese early on in the war; the Communists were able to sweep in and take credit for the eventual defeat; gained mass support

Sources:
Shanghai correspondent of an American journal, 1948 "Over the years Chiang has alienated every economic group in China--peasants, workers, businessmen, and even his own soldiers. He has refused to undertake land reforms, has been unable to establish a sound currency and is leader of an incompetant and corrupt civil service and army. All these things have combined to deliver China into the waiting arms of the Communists."

Immanuel C.Y. Hsu "The Rise of Modern China", 1970 "To this writer the single most important cause for the downfall of the nationalists was the eight-year Japanese war, which completely exhausted the government militarily, financially and spiritually."

C. P Fitzgerald, "Revolution in China", 1952 "Such misgovernment, so little regard for the citizen, so little care for the country, had fully alienated the educated class. The universities were suffering the heavy hand of the secret police. Sudden and secret arrests, mysterious disappearances, assassinations...The Chinese people groaned under a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency. The Guomindang had long lost the peasants; now they had cast away their only asset, the support of the scholars."

--Jackie


 * MaoZeDong and the Chinese Communist Party **

(a) The early years Mao born in Hunan (1893)   (b) Why did Mao and the communists gain support? >>>> § Allowed communists to present themselves as patriotic nationalists >>>> § 1937 CCP had 5 bases controlling 12 million; by 1945 had 19 bases with 100 million
 * Party founded in 1921
 * Very little military strength at first à  uncooperative with KMT
 * Moved to University; center of Marxist studies
 * 1931, elected Chairman of Central Executive Committee of the Party
 * Concentrated on survival
 * The Red Army
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Only way is to breakthrough Chiang’s powerbase
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">100,000 communists <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;">à <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The Long March (6000 miles; 368 days)
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mao in control of Shensi and Kansu
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Number of peasants outweigh the middle classes
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1951, Mao establishes “The Three Anti-Movement” to destroy the “bureaucratic capitalists class”
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stimulate economy with industrial sabotage
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tax evasion, bribery, fraud
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Theft of government property
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> The inefficiency / corruption of KMT government
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No attempt to organize mass support; more for economy-boosters
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Little improvement in factory conditions
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No improvement in peasant poverty
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KMT put no effective resistant to the Japanese
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Japanese occupied Manchuria (1931) '
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chiang thought it was more important to destroy the communists
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Moved to Shensi to attack Mao (1936)
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Was arrested by his own supporters
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Forced (communist Zhou En-Lai) to sign alliance <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Arial; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msochartype: symbol; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;">à <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> benefits for CCP
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KMT forces were defeated

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